Elucidating the (lipo)Phenolic Composition of Olive Oil By-Products and Biomass From Three Different Olea Europaea Cultivars by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Photodiode Array and Mass Spectrometry

The olive oil industry is currently experiencing a period of significant growth, largely as a result of the high value placed on olive oil as a high-nutritional food product on a global scale. Industrial olive oil production generates significant quantities of solid waste and dark liquid effluents, involving olive leaves (OLs), olive pomace (OP), and olive mill wastewaters (OMWWs). Particular attention was given to the recycling and valorization of by-products and biomass from the olive oil industry due to their richness in bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was the sustainable recovery and characterization of valuable biocompounds, notably phenols, with particular emphasis on lipophenols, from different matrices (OMWWs, OP, and OLs) of three different Olea europaea cultivars using LC coupled with photodiode array (PDA) and MS detection. Method validation demonstrated satisfactory linearity (R² > 0.9806), repeatability (lower than 9.82%) and recovery (over 79.07%) for all samples investigated. Before quantification, the matrix effect was also evaluated with values ranging from 71.99% to 139.70%.The results highlight that OLs, OP, and OMWWs might be employed for several applications, including nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, food, and animal feed.