An Investigation of the Pattern and Extent of Regional Rural Transformation Development in Pakistan

Rural Transformation Development (RTD) is about the reconstruction of the rural economies their regional patterns through rapid industrialisation, urbanisation, changing cropping patterns and employment structure transformation. However, existing literature overlooks the spatial disparities and multidimensional nature of this transformation, leaving significant gaps. This study employs a holistic approach, utilising Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to construct the Rural Transformation Development Index (RTDI) for districts in Pakistan in order to see its spatial pattern and extent over the period 2004–2019. The indicators of RTDI are share of high-valued agriculture and livestock in the total value of agriculture, share of non-farm employment in the total rural employment, urbanisation and land use intensity. The study classifies districts into five RTDI categories, highlighting the varied pace of rural transformation over time. Overall, it is evident that rural transformation is not uniform rather it represents large inter-district disparities. However, exploratory spatial data analysis implies existence of clustering in the dataset and underscoring the need for multidimensional, region-specific policies tailored to the unique characteristics of each district and its cluster, rather than a uniform approach across the country to speed up the process of rural transformation.