Underground pipeline inspection and monitoring in mountainous areas: A state-of-the-art review and future perspectives

Pipeline accidents are frequently reported in mountainous areas, where conventional inspection and monitoring methods often fall short for complex terrain environment and various pipeline defects. This study conducts a thorough evaluation of characteristics, challenges, current research status, and potential enhancements for pipeline inspection and monitoring in mountainous areas. It categorises the review into three main sectors: external inspection, in-pipe inspection, and integrated environment-geology-pipeline monitoring, each tailored to overcome the obstacles posed by rugged terrains. External inspections, hindered by difficult terrain and environmental hazards, benefit from the use of drones equipped with high-resolution sensors. In-pipe inspections necessitate robust, adaptable robots capable of navigating the harsh conditions typical of mountainous pipelines. Integrated monitoring synthesizes these techniques into a unified system that leverages real-time data analytics, robust sensor materials, and sophisticated algorithms to optimize sensor placement and performance. The paper highlights state-of-the-art developments and suggests future advancements should concentrate on improving the durability and efficiency of these technologies and enhancing the integration with artificial intelligence. These improvements are essential for ensuring the reliability, efficiency, and safety of pipeline operation in challenging environments.