Facile synthesis of BaWO4 nanoparticles using Citrus limon leaf extract: Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer activities

The green synthesis of binary metal oxides (BTMOs) has gained substantial attention due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendly approach. In this study, barium tungstate (BaWO₄) nanoparticles were synthesized using Citrus limon leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Different spectral and analytical techniques were employed to assess their structural, optical, morphological, and compositional properties. The biological activities of BaWO₄ nanoparticles were extensively evaluated, revealing significant antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer potential. Antibacterial assays demonstrated notable inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), while antifungal activities were effective against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antioxidant potential of the nanoparticles was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging assays, where they demonstrated superior activity compared to vitamin C, highlighting their efficacy in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, anticancer activity was performed against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, where the nanoparticles exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic effects, inducing apoptosis at higher concentrations and underscoring their therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.