Integrated assessment of bio-methane potential from cocoa pod husk in Ghana using physicochemical characterisation and geospatial techniques

Ghana is the world’s second-largest cocoa producer, resulting in significant organic waste, particularly cocoa pod husk (CPH), which accounts for 70–80 % of the whole cocoa fruit. The bio-methane potential of CPH was investigated, and its role in sustainable energy generation and waste management was emphasised. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies, the research mapped CPH distribution across six major cocoa-growing regions, identifying areas with the highest biomass availability and estimating up to 175,000 tonnes in Western North region alone based on 2024 cocoa production. The physicochemical properties of CPH were assessed, and confirmed its suitability for anaerobic digestion, with a projected bio-methane yield of 200–300 m³ per tonne of CPH. Findings indicate that CPH possesses favourable characteristics for biogas production, including high organic content (∼85 % volatile solids) and biodegradability. GIS analysis highlights opportunities for localised bio-methane production, which could meet to Ghana’s Renewable Energy Master Plan target for 2030 and the National Energy Transition Framework, while creating economic opportunities for rural communities. The study also addressed challenges such as technological barriers and the need for supportive policies. Ultimately, it emphasises integrating bio-methane into Ghana's energy framework through public-private partnerships to foster innovation and investment in renewable energy technologies. These insights advance the broader discourse on sustainable agricultural practices and energy transitions in Ghana, positioning bio-methane as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels and an important factor to consider in consider in achieving energy security and environmental sustainability.