外原行星盘的尘埃团块:四种不稳定性之间的相互作用

Pinghui Huang and Xue-Ning Bai
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摘要

原行星盘中的尘埃浓度是行星形成的第一步,这是行星形成过程中一个关键但高度不确定的阶段。虽然流不稳定性(SI)被广泛认为是微行星形成的一个强大机制,但它的性质可能对气体动力学环境很敏感。PPDs外围区域受垂直剪切不稳定性(VSI)影响,进一步诱发罗斯比波不稳定性(RWI),产生大量涡旋。在这项工作中,我们使用Athena++中的多流体粉尘模块执行3D全局模拟,并进行网格细化,以获得足够的域大小和分辨率,以解决和适应所有这些不稳定性。VSI主要控制整体气体动力学,其中由粉尘质量负荷引起的呼吸方式主导。尘埃强烈沉降到中间层,与无尘的情况相比,中间层的小漩涡密度要大得多。观察到强烈的尘埃团块,这可能是由于SI和尘埃RWI的共同作用,而那些足以形成小行星的漩涡只存在于这些漩涡的一小部分。尘埃团块随着分辨率的提高而增强,在我们的探测中尚未达到数值收敛。此外,我们发现在尘埃-气体界面的某些部分存在开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性,这可能有助于尘埃团块的暂时破坏。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Dust Clumping in Outer Protoplanetary Disks: The Interplay among Four Instabilities
Dust concentration in protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is the first step toward planetesimal formation, a crucial yet highly uncertain stage in planet formation. Although the streaming instability (SI) is widely recognized as a powerful mechanism for planetesimal formation, its properties can be sensitive to the gas dynamical environment. The outer region of PPDs is subject to the vertical shear instability (VSI), which could further induce the Rossby wave instability (RWI) to generate numerous vortices. In this work, we use the multifluid dust module in Athena++ to perform a 3D global simulation with mesh refinement to achieve an adequate domain size and resolution to resolve and accommodate all these instabilities. The VSI mainly governs the overall gas dynamics, which are dominated by the breathing mode due to dust mass loading. The dust strongly settles to the midplane layer, which is much more densely populated with small vortices compared to the dust-free case. Strong dust clumping is observed, which is likely owing to the joint action of the SI and dusty RWI, and those sufficient for planetesimal formation reside only in a small fraction of such vortices. Dust clumping becomes stronger with increasing resolution, and has not yet achieved numerical convergence in our exploration. In addition, we find evidence of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability operating at certain parts of the dust–gas interface, which may contribute to the temporary destruction of dust clumps.
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