Tailoring the C60/SnOx Bilayer to Enhance p-i-n Carbon-Electrode Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells and Modules

Carbon electrodes effectively address halogen corrosion issues in perovskite devices; however, challenges such as energy level mismatching and solvent corrosion limit their direct application in p-i-n perovskite photovoltaic devices. In this study, a C₆₀/SnO_X bilayer was introduced to mitigate solvent corrosion during the fabrication of carbon electrodes. By tailoring the C₆₀/SnO_X bilayer, the device performance was significantly enhanced through the formation of a hierarchical energy-level interface. This optimization enabled more efficient charge transport and reduced recombination losses, resulting in a record-breaking efficiency of 21.1% for p-i-n carbon-electrode perovskite photovoltaic cells(CE-PPCs), marking the highest reported efficiency for this device architecture. The device also demonstrates excellent performance under indoor light conditions, with an efficiency of 35.6%. This method also demonstrates excellent scalability, enabling the production of high-performance modules with an aperture area of approximately 20 cm². The modules achieve an efficiency of 15.1% under 1 sun illumination and 26.3% under indoor lighting conditions. The module also exhibited excellent stability, retaining 96.82% of its initial efficiency after 2218 h of damp-heat aging (85% relative humidity, 85 °C). Under continuous 1 sun illumination at 73 °C in an open-circuit state, the module’s efficiency increased to 104.3% after 347 h, whereas devices with Ag electrodes exhibited severe degradation, failing within 96 h.