Bioactive compounds, functional properties, health benefits, and food applications of black rice: a comprehensive review

Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) also called "emperor's rice" or "forbidden rice," is a nutrient-rich grain distinguished by its unique deep pigmentation and health-enhancing properties. Black rice is approximately six times richer in antioxidants compared to other rice varieties, and its bioactive components play a vital role in improving health and promoting well-being. This review offers an overview of bioactive compounds, functional properties, health benefits demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro studies, and its versatile applications in functional foods. Black rice offers potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and cardiovascular protective effects due to high anthocyanins and bioactive compounds content. Incorporating black rice into daily diets, individuals can benefit from its rich nutrients that may contribute to a healthier future. Black rice can bridge ancient dietary practices with modern health applications, and emerging as a valuable addition to address global nutritional challenges.