Zefeng Xu , Dingwei Ji , Jun Wang , Yongfu Zhang , Chao Chen , Jianhang Li , Yimin Shen , Peihua Ma , Yiping Zhou , Jules Wolff , Yaokang Lv , Laurent Ruhlmann
{"title":"退火时间对电致变色超级电容器ITO和PEDOT-ITO电极的影响","authors":"Zefeng Xu , Dingwei Ji , Jun Wang , Yongfu Zhang , Chao Chen , Jianhang Li , Yimin Shen , Peihua Ma , Yiping Zhou , Jules Wolff , Yaokang Lv , Laurent Ruhlmann","doi":"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146638","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a widely used current collector, and many reported electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) require bifunctional electrode such as commercially available poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-indium tin oxide (<strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong>) electrodes. Herein, the surface morphologies and properties of different magnetron sputtered ITO films with distinct annealing time and <strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong> electrodes were fully compared. <strong>ITO<sub>A300</sub></strong> (annealing time of 300 s), <strong>ITO<sub>A600</sub>, ITO<sub>A900</sub></strong>, and <strong>ITO<sub>A1200</sub></strong> exhibit varying surface roughness, electrochemical resistivity and stability. The morphology of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films that electropolymerized on these ITO surfaces and the properties of as prepared <strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong> electrodes were also different. Experimental analysis and theoretical calculation results showed that prolongation of annealing duration leads to the increase of oxygen vacancies in ITO films, the conductivity of ITO films was accordingly increased, the chemical adsorption and connection of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and PEDOT on the surface of ITO films were stronger correspondingly. Among all four <strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong> electrodes, <strong>PEDOT-ITO<sub>A1200</sub></strong> showed the lowest <em>R<sub>ct</sub></em> of 11.03 Ω, highest (59.3 %) optical contrast, largest discharge specific capacitance of 21.15 F·<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> and largest energy density of 6.29 Wh·kg<sup>−1</sup> at the current density of 1 A·<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup>, 20 % larger than that of PEDOT-ITO<sub>A300</sub> (5.24 Wh·kg<sup>−1</sup>). It can be concluded that, appropriately extending the annealing time of ITO film is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of ECSCs. These results also offer guidance on industrial applications of ITO on other electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":305,"journal":{"name":"Electrochimica Acta","volume":"535 ","pages":"Article 146638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Effects of annealing time on ITO and PEDOT-ITO electrodes for electrochromic supercapacitors\",\"authors\":\"Zefeng Xu , Dingwei Ji , Jun Wang , Yongfu Zhang , Chao Chen , Jianhang Li , Yimin Shen , Peihua Ma , Yiping Zhou , Jules Wolff , Yaokang Lv , Laurent Ruhlmann\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.electacta.2025.146638\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a widely used current collector, and many reported electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) require bifunctional electrode such as commercially available poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-indium tin oxide (<strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong>) electrodes. Herein, the surface morphologies and properties of different magnetron sputtered ITO films with distinct annealing time and <strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong> electrodes were fully compared. <strong>ITO<sub>A300</sub></strong> (annealing time of 300 s), <strong>ITO<sub>A600</sub>, ITO<sub>A900</sub></strong>, and <strong>ITO<sub>A1200</sub></strong> exhibit varying surface roughness, electrochemical resistivity and stability. The morphology of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films that electropolymerized on these ITO surfaces and the properties of as prepared <strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong> electrodes were also different. Experimental analysis and theoretical calculation results showed that prolongation of annealing duration leads to the increase of oxygen vacancies in ITO films, the conductivity of ITO films was accordingly increased, the chemical adsorption and connection of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and PEDOT on the surface of ITO films were stronger correspondingly. Among all four <strong>PEDOT-ITO</strong> electrodes, <strong>PEDOT-ITO<sub>A1200</sub></strong> showed the lowest <em>R<sub>ct</sub></em> of 11.03 Ω, highest (59.3 %) optical contrast, largest discharge specific capacitance of 21.15 F·<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup> and largest energy density of 6.29 Wh·kg<sup>−1</sup> at the current density of 1 A·<em>g</em><sup>−1</sup>, 20 % larger than that of PEDOT-ITO<sub>A300</sub> (5.24 Wh·kg<sup>−1</sup>). It can be concluded that, appropriately extending the annealing time of ITO film is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of ECSCs. These results also offer guidance on industrial applications of ITO on other electronic devices.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":305,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Electrochimica Acta\",\"volume\":\"535 \",\"pages\":\"Article 146638\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-06-06\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Electrochimica Acta\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"88\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468625009995\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ELECTROCHEMISTRY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Electrochimica Acta","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468625009995","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ELECTROCHEMISTRY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Effects of annealing time on ITO and PEDOT-ITO electrodes for electrochromic supercapacitors
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a widely used current collector, and many reported electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) require bifunctional electrode such as commercially available poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-indium tin oxide (PEDOT-ITO) electrodes. Herein, the surface morphologies and properties of different magnetron sputtered ITO films with distinct annealing time and PEDOT-ITO electrodes were fully compared. ITOA300 (annealing time of 300 s), ITOA600, ITOA900, and ITOA1200 exhibit varying surface roughness, electrochemical resistivity and stability. The morphology of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films that electropolymerized on these ITO surfaces and the properties of as prepared PEDOT-ITO electrodes were also different. Experimental analysis and theoretical calculation results showed that prolongation of annealing duration leads to the increase of oxygen vacancies in ITO films, the conductivity of ITO films was accordingly increased, the chemical adsorption and connection of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and PEDOT on the surface of ITO films were stronger correspondingly. Among all four PEDOT-ITO electrodes, PEDOT-ITOA1200 showed the lowest Rct of 11.03 Ω, highest (59.3 %) optical contrast, largest discharge specific capacitance of 21.15 F·g−1 and largest energy density of 6.29 Wh·kg−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1, 20 % larger than that of PEDOT-ITOA300 (5.24 Wh·kg−1). It can be concluded that, appropriately extending the annealing time of ITO film is an effective strategy for enhancing the performance of ECSCs. These results also offer guidance on industrial applications of ITO on other electronic devices.
期刊介绍:
Electrochimica Acta is an international journal. It is intended for the publication of both original work and reviews in the field of electrochemistry. Electrochemistry should be interpreted to mean any of the research fields covered by the Divisions of the International Society of Electrochemistry listed below, as well as emerging scientific domains covered by ISE New Topics Committee.