Catalytic valorization of glycerol to sustainable aviation fuels: Hydrodeoxygenation, hydroisomerization, and synergistic intensification

The aviation industry's decarbonization hinges on scalable, renewable fuel solutions that meet stringent performance and sustainability criteria. This review critically examines the catalytic valorization of glycerol a low-cost, abundant byproduct of biodiesel production into specification-compliant sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). After establishing the essential chemical and operational requirements for jet fuel, we assess the unique potential of glycerol as a feedstock, highlighting its molecular adaptability for conversion into jet-range hydrocarbons. The review systematically explores mainstream SAF production routes, with a focus on advanced catalytic processes such as hydrodeoxygenation, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization. Detailed mechanistic insights are provided into the regulation of carbon chain length and deoxygenation pathway selectivity, supported by key data from recent experimental and techno-economic studies. Challenges related to catalyst stability, hydrogen efficiency, and process integration are critically analyzed, alongside sustainability metrics and policy frameworks essential for commercial deployment. By distilling landmark research and synthesizing advances in catalysis, reaction engineering, and regulatory strategy, this work offers a comprehensive roadmap for accelerating the adoption of glycerol-derived SAFs. The findings underscore the pivotal role of catalytic innovation and cross-sector collaboration in achieving aviation's net-zero ambitions.