Neurophysiology of Mindfulness Meditation: A Narrative Review Based on Buddhist Perspective.

Meditation, an inward journey to explore profound levels of consciousness rooted in Buddhism, has significant physical and psychological benefits, including enhanced well-being, improved concentration, emotional stability, and positive cognitive shifts. This narrative review consolidates past two decades of research on the neurophysiological effects of Buddhist mindfulness meditation based on neuroimaging findings, and aims to examine the Buddhist view of mindfulness meditation in relation to the structural and functional changes in the brain areas in health and diseases. Meditation practices, such as Vipassana in Buddhism, emphasize mindfulness and non-judgmental awareness of oneself and surrounding. Neuroimaging studies have revealed its significant impact on brain regions including structural changes involving anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), temporal lobe, insula, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and other areas. Four fundamental mechanisms summarize the mindfulness meditation: attention regulation, body awareness, emotion regulation, and a transformed selfperspective. The scientific explanation of effects of meditation is challenging, and we are only beginning to understand in neurophysiological terms. Previous research on mindfulness meditation has employed diverse methodological approaches, including self-reported measures, behavioral tasks and neuroimaging techniques; but there lacks a standardization, making it difficult to compare the findings. However, the cognitive processes are thought to underlie the potential benefits of mindfulness meditation in promoting mental well-being on an individual and societal level. This review highlights the mechanisms of mindfulness meditation to improve cognitive flexibility and promote mental well-being, in relation to Buddhist philosophy, with implications for individual and societal benefits.