Bionic Nanostructures Create Mechanical Signals to Mediate the Composite Structural Bone Regeneration Through Multi-System Regulation

Regenerating bone defects has long been recognized as a significant clinical challenge. Drawing inspiration from the structure and properties of natural bone, bionic nanomaterials have emerged as a focal point in the field of bone tissue engineering. Unlike traditional scaffold materials, these advanced nanomaterials offer a remarkable capacity to replicate the intricate microenvironment of the stem cell niche. This ability facilitates enhanced migration, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells, thereby promoting efficient new bone formation. Of particular significance is the application of contemporary nanotechnology, which enables the design of bone tissue engineering scaffolds with precisely tailored nanoscale characteristics. These include properties such as stiffness, pore size and porosity, nanomorphology, curvature, shear stress, viscoelasticity, hydrostatic pressure, and biochemical functionalities. Such customization affords precise control over stem cell behavior, guiding their cultivation or differentiation into desired phenotypes with spatial and temporal precision. Consequently, this approach significantly amplifies the efficacy of bone tissue regeneration. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the design principles and critical requirements for developing bionic nanomaterials as artificial stem cell niches. Furthermore, it consolidates current advancements in the field, examining various types of bionic nanomaterials and biomimetic technologies, alongside their diverse applications in bone tissue engineering.