Inorganic nanoparticle-based cancer immunotheranostics

Inorganic nanoparticle (NP)-based immunotheranostics, which integrate diagnostic imaging with therapeutic interventions and immunomodulation, have emerged as a powerful strategy in cancer treatment. This review highlights recent advances in the design of multifunctional inorganic and hybrid nanoplatforms, including Au-, Mn-, iron oxide-, mesoporous silica-, and C-based systems, metal–organic frameworks, and quantum dots, that co-deliver chemotherapeutic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and immunostimulatory molecules. Moreover, applications of these platforms in tracking metastatic dissemination and monitoring the populations of immune cells, including T cells, natural killer cells, and tumor-associated macrophages, are explored. By integrating emerging insights in nanotechnology with state-of-the-art immunotherapeutic strategies, this review highlights the evolving landscape of personalized cancer therapy. Furthermore, it underscores the translational potentials of immunotheranostic platforms in bridging diagnosis, treatment, and immunomodulation to achieve more effective, durable, and individualized clinical outcomes.