墨西哥三个生产区家庭山羊农场的特征和与原料奶和新鲜奶酪卫生质量相关的风险因素的确定。

IF 2 Q2 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE
Veterinary World Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-23 DOI:10.14202/vetworld.2025.927-938
Israel Daniel Ricardo González, Laura Hernández Andrade, Edith Rojas Anaya, Gary García Espinosa, Susana Elisa Mendoza Elvira
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引用次数: 0

摘要

背景和目的:家庭山羊养殖通常涉及小型畜群,基础设施最少,导致产品卫生质量较低。本研究旨在对墨西哥三个不同地区(杜兰戈、坎佩切州和奎尔梅塔罗)的家庭山羊农场进行特征分析,并评估影响原料奶和新鲜奶酪质量的卫生指标和相关风险因素。材料与方法:选取7个具有代表性的家庭山羊养殖场,入选标准为:缺乏繁殖管理、季节性产奶、手工挤奶和手工奶酪生产。从每个农场收集了散装生牛奶和新鲜奶酪的成对样本。对样品进行微生物学分析,包括总平板计数(TPC)、总大肠菌群计数(TCC)、体细胞计数(SCC)以及霉菌和酵母计数。对动物管理、挤奶、奶酪生产和销售实践进行了调查。统计分析包括描述性统计、方差分析、聚类分析、费雪精确检验和逻辑回归。结果:在原料奶样品中,只有两个农场符合墨西哥规定的TPC, SCC和酵母计数的可接受标准,而没有一个符合TCC的标准。同样,来自两个农场的奶酪样本符合TPC、酵母和霉菌的标准,但没有一个符合TCC的标准。与卫生质量差显著相关的危险因素包括猪圈卫生不充分、乳头清洁不当、浸后处理不到位、洗手不到位、挤奶技术不合适、缺乏牛奶巴氏消毒和冷藏操作不足。聚类分析确定了管理实践和卫生标准不同的两个不同的农场群体,与微生物质量指标的实质性差异相关。结论:该研究确定了墨西哥家庭山羊农场在实施良好牲畜和生产规范方面存在的关键差距。导致微生物污染升高的主要风险因素包括基础设施差、挤奶和奶酪加工过程中的卫生条件不足以及储存条件不充分。研究结果强调,有必要促进标准化的卫生做法和改善基础设施,以提高家庭山羊养殖系统的牛奶和奶酪产品的卫生质量。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Characterization of family goat farms and determination of risk factors associated with the sanitary qualities of raw milk and fresh cheese in three production areas in Mexico.

Background and aim: Family goat farming typically involves small herds managed with minimal infrastructure, leading to products of lower hygienic quality. This study aimed to characterize family goat farms in three distinct regions of Mexico (Durango, Campeche, and Querétaro) and to evaluate hygienic-sanitary indicators and associated risk factors affecting the quality of raw milk and fresh cheese.

Materials and methods: Seven representative family goat farms were selected based on specific inclusion criteria: Absence of reproductive management, seasonal milk production, manual milking, and artisanal cheese production. Paired samples of bulk raw milk and fresh cheese were collected from each farm. Samples underwent microbiological analyses, including total plate count (TPC), total coliform count (TCC), somatic cell count (SCC), and mold and yeast counts. Surveys addressing animal management, milking, cheese manufacturing, and sales practices were administered. Statistical analyses encompassed descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, cluster analysis, Fisher's exact tests, and logistic regression.

Results: Among raw milk samples, only two farms met acceptable standards for TPC, SCC, and yeast counts according to Mexican regulations, while none complied for TCC. Similarly, cheese samples from two farms met standards for TPC, yeast, and molds, though none met the standards for TCC. Risk factors significantly associated with poor hygienic quality included inadequate pen hygiene, improper teat cleaning, failure to apply post-dip treatments, deficient hand washing, unsuitable milking techniques, lack of milk pasteurization, and insufficient refrigeration practices. Cluster analysis identified two distinct farm groups differentiated by management practices and hygienic standards, correlating with substantial differences in microbial quality indicators.

Conclusion: The study identified critical gaps in the implementation of good livestock and manufacturing practices among family goat farms in Mexico. Key risk factors contributing to elevated microbial contamination included poor infrastructure, insufficient hygiene during milking and cheese processing, and inadequate storage conditions. The findings emphasize the necessity of promoting standardized hygienic practices and infrastructure improvements to enhance the sanitary quality of milk and cheese products from family goat farming systems.

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来源期刊
Veterinary World
Veterinary World Multiple-
CiteScore
3.60
自引率
12.50%
发文量
317
审稿时长
16 weeks
期刊介绍: Veterinary World publishes high quality papers focusing on Veterinary and Animal Science. The fields of study are bacteriology, parasitology, pathology, virology, immunology, mycology, public health, biotechnology, meat science, fish diseases, nutrition, gynecology, genetics, wildlife, laboratory animals, animal models of human infections, prion diseases and epidemiology. Studies on zoonotic and emerging infections are highly appreciated. Review articles are highly appreciated. All articles published by Veterinary World are made freely and permanently accessible online. All articles to Veterinary World are posted online immediately as they are ready for publication.
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