Socioeconomic benefits of indigenous agroforestry in enhancing climate adaptation in the Gedeo Zone, Southeastern Ethiopia.

Agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes, presents a promising solution for enhancing the resilience of smallholder farmers against climate variability and socioeconomic challenges. In the Gedeo Zone of Ethiopia, specifically in Kochere, Wonago, and Yirgachefe districts, farmers are increasingly adapting agroforestry to improve their livelihoods and manage natural resources sustainably. This research investigates the socioeconomic benefits of agroforestry, focusing on its role in enhancing farmers' adaptive capacity. Using an explanatory research design, the study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Respondents were selected through multistage stratified sampling, with quantitative data collected from 384 farm households via structured questionnaires. The survey assessed the socioeconomic benefits of agroforestry adaptations. Additionally, focus group discussions and key informant interviews provided qualitative insights. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and a multivariate probit regression model. The findings indicate a predominant engagement in coffee-based agroforestry systems, especially in Yirgachefe, where 77.17% of farmers participate, reflecting a tradition that supports economic stability and environmental sustainability. Moreover, the presence of enset-based agroforestry practices highlights the diversity of applications tailored to local needs. The results highlight the multifaceted benefits of agroforestry, including improved food security, increased income, and enhanced community resilience. Consequently, targeted support programs are recommended to promote sustainable practices and address the challenges faced by farmers, particularly in highland areas, through collaborative efforts among stakeholders to foster resilience and productivity across agroecological zones.