Early Detection of Threat Agents, a Review of Bioimmunosensors and Their Prospects.

Early detection of biological threat agents plays a crucial role in public health protection, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Bioimmunosensors, utilizing specific antigen-antibody interactions, represent a promising technology in these applications due to their high sensitivity and specificity. This review explores the current state of knowledge regarding bioimmunosensors, highlighting recent technological innovations, such as integration with nanotechnology, microfluidic techniques, and the development of novel detection platforms based on optical and electrochemical biosensors. Key challenges in their development, including the stability of biological detection elements, cost reduction, and the scalability of technology for real-world applications, are also discussed. The analysis of future application prospects points to the growing potential of bioimmunosensors in areas such as medical diagnostics, pathogen detection in the environment, food quality control, and bioterrorism defense. Increased integration of bioimmunosensors with the Internet of Things (IoT) systems and the development of portable analytical devices may revolutionize the approach to monitoring and rapid response to biological threats in the coming years.