The Neuro-Endocrinal Regulation in Vitiligo

Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation disorder characterized by the loss of melanocytes. The specific etiology of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it is thought to result from a complex interplay of factors, including autoimmune responses, intrinsic melanocyte dysfunction, genetic susceptibility, oxidative stress, and neurogenic imbalances. The disfiguring nature of vitiligo significantly impacts the mental and physical health of patients, and psychological stress can further induce and exacerbate vitiligo. Recent research has underscored the potential mediating roles of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, hormones, and neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Furthermore, individuals with vitiligo have been shown to have a notably higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome compared to the general population. This evidence suggests that vitiligo is not merely a cosmetic issue confined to the skin but also a systemic disease with broader health implications. This review aims to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of neuroendocrine factors in the pathogenesis of vitiligo, shedding light on the multifaceted nature of this condition and its systemic associations.