Frequency-Constrained Real-Time Co-Optimisation of Energy and Regulation Reserve Integrated With Battery Energy Storage Systems

This paper proposes a real-time co-optimisation framework integrated with automatic generation control (RTC-AGC) for the optimal reallocation of energy and regulation reserves in real-time electricity markets. A rolling-horizon optimisation approach is also proposed to dynamically optimise resource scheduling by reallocating based on forecasted load demand and renewable generation patterns over a moving time window. Inverter-based battery energy storage (IBES) systems are also introduced as flexible resources to regulate frequency deviation in AGC by optimally reallocating up- and down-regulation reserves in the real-time market. The integrated RTC-AGC framework accurately represents the dynamic behaviour of thermal generation units and IBES systems, enabling the precise and cost-efficient reallocation of up- and down-regulation reserves in the real-time market. The proposed model is formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming model and solved by the CPLEX solver in GAMS software. The findings highlight that IBES can significantly reduce frequency deviations by 50% while lowering operational costs by 7.13% in power systems integrated with renewable energy resources.