Examining barriers to solar energy adoption: A PESTEL and IVHF-DEMETAL analysis for advancing sustainable development goal 7

This study presents a novel methodology for investigating the barriers that hinder the adoption of solar energy within an uncertain environment. To achieve the research objectives, the study first employs an analysis of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal (PESTEL) factors, followed by the application of an interval-valued hesitant fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (IVHF-DEMETAL) approach. The IVHF methodology allows for the partial or complete consideration of uncertainties arising from expert doubts during the assignment of membership degrees in evaluations. An Influence-Dependence (I-D) chart has been plotted, which displays the overall hesitation of experts regarding all criteria, thereby enhancing the understanding of the findings. The results indicate that the most significant barriers to the adoption of solar energy systems are the ‘high initial capital cost’ and ‘insufficient commitment to government policies.’ This study provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by businesses and policymakers in transitioning to a sustainable energy system and in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7, which aims to ensure access to affordable and clean energy.