Combating oxidative stress in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent liver disorder with a growing global impact, closely linked to metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors. Oxidative stress, arising from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. It drives lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory cascades, exacerbating hepatic steatosis and promoting progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. This review delves into the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in NAFLD, highlighting its contribution to disease initiation and progression. It explores key sources of ROS, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, and discusses the interplay between oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Strategies to mitigate oxidative damage, including lifestyle modifications, dietary antioxidants, and emerging pharmacological interventions, are examined with a focus on their therapeutic potential. By unraveling the oxidative stress pathways in NAFLD, this review aims to provide insights into effective preventive measures and therapeutic approaches. Understanding these mechanisms offers a foundation for future research and clinical innovations to combat the burden of NAFLD and its complications.