3D Graphene for Energy Technologies: Chemical Strategies and Industrial Challenges

Graphene, a groundbreaking two-dimensional (2D) material, has attracted significant attention across various fields due to its exceptional properties. However, 2D graphene sheets tend to restack or agglomerate, reducing their performance and active surface area. To overcome these limitations and expand graphene’s potential applications, researchers have developed three-dimensional (3D) graphene structures with diverse architectures, including 3D graphene fibers, foams, aerogels, hydrogels, tubes, and cages. These structures, along with modifications such as functionalization, doping, preintercalation, and compositing, prevent stacking and enhance specific properties for targeted applications.