Rose essential oils: Current trends, mapping of extraction techniques, chemical analysis, therapeutic applications, and by-product valorization

This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the extraction, chemical analysis, therapeutic applications, and valorization of by-products from rose essential oils, with a focus on emerging trends and technologies. Traditional extraction methods, such as hydrodistillation and steam distillation, are compared with modern techniques, including supercritical CO₂ extraction (SFE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). These modern techniques offer improved efficiency, yield, and sustainability, while preserving the chemical integrity of bioactive compounds. Influential extraction parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and extraction time, are analyzed to highlight their impact on yield and chemical composition. Special attention is given to the valorization of rose by-products, which show potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industry applications. Studies demonstrate the promising antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer activities of rose by-products. The growing demand for sustainable extraction methods and high-quality natural products highlights the importance of optimizing these technologies. This review also discusses future research directions in the field of rose essential oils, focusing on the integration of advanced extraction methods and the development of value-added products.