A comprehensive overview of the evolution of resin materials in mummification: A review

The resinous materials have been considered one of the most important materials used in mummification since the prehistoric period. This article aims to provide an integrated study on the purposes for which they were used, their chemical composition, physical properties, efficiency in preserving mummified bodies, deterioration, methods for using them in the conservation treatment of mummies, and analytical techniques used for identifying resinous materials. The characterization of each resin, including its name, chemical composition, physical properties, etc., has been described. The results show that resinous materials have been used in mummification since prehistoric times for various purposes such as filling body cavities and isolating the internal and external parts of the deceased body from environmental conditions. Application methods for resins on mummies include the use of brushes or pouring. The efficiency of different resins against microbial growth varies. Deterioration in the form of fragility, weakness, color changes, cracks, shrinkage, etc., can occur due to different environmental conditions. Various analytical techniques are applied to study these resins. The integrated study of resinous materials plays a crucial role in the conservation treatment of mummies.