Evaluating the Biocompatibility of Novel Green-synthesized Nano-modified Glass Ionomer Cement: A Biochemical and Histopathological Analysis Study in Wistar Albino Rats.

Aim: The study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility of novel green-synthesized nano-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) in Wistar albino rats.

Materials and methods: Green-synthesized chitosan, titanium, zirconia, and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles were incorporated into the GIC powder, and nine disc-shaped modified GIC specimens with a diameter of 5 mm and a thickness of 2 mm were fabricated. The specimens were then implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of 18 Wistar albino rats. Group I received conventional GIC (n = 9), while group II received nano-modified GIC (n = 9). Biochemical analyses were conducted at 3, 10, and 30-day intervals, with three animals per group assessed at each time point with the same animals. Similarly, histopathological evaluations were performed at the same intervals, with three animals from each group examined at each time point. Blood biochemical analysis, including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), urea, and creatinine, as well as histopathological examinations using H&E and Masson's trichrome stains, were performed at 3, 10, and 30-day intervals. The collected data were statistically analyzed.

Results: Biochemical analysis at day 30, liver function markers, SGOT (Group I: 51.07 ± 0.725, group II: 52.63 ± 3.298) and SGPT (Group I: 45.32 ± 1.950, group II: 46.36 ± 4.288), showed no significant differences. Renal function tests (RFTs) also revealed no significant differences in creatinine (Group I: 0.54 ± 0.001, group II: 0.63 ± 0.145) and urea (Group I: 40.76 ± 0.333, group II: 42.31 ± 3.082). Histopathological analysis at 10 days for group II revealed more favorable tissue repair, characterized by an increased number of fibroblasts and fewer macrophages. At 30 days, the test specimens in group II were surrounded solely by fibroblasts, with no signs of inflammation.

Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that both groups exhibited satisfactory biocompatibility, with the green-synthesized nano-modified glass ionomers demonstrating more advanced tissue repair. The biochemical parameters in both groups remained within the normal reference ranges, indicating no signs of toxicity.

Clinical significance: Conventional GIC has a good ability to bond to tooth structure, but its limitations often reduce the durability and long-term success of restorations. The green-synthesized nano-modified GIC enhances biocompatibility by reducing the risk of inflammation and toxicity, making it a more reliable and long-lasting option for restorations. How to cite this article: Palani H, Paulraj J, Maiti S, et al. Evaluating the Biocompatibility of Novel Green-synthesized Nano-modified Glass Ionomer Cement: A Biochemical and Histopathological Analysis Study in Wistar Albino Rats. J Contemp Dent Pract 2025;26(2):192-199.