Ziming Wang, Riming Hu, Hao Chen, Yuxuan Ye, Qi Zhao, Zhiguo Du, Shubin Yang
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Ionic Potential Modulation in and between Layers of Transition Metal Oxides towards Ultrahigh-Rate Sodium Storage
Although layered oxides have been considered as promising cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), they still suffer from poor structural stability and sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics, hampering their cycling stability at high current rates. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient ionic potential modulation strategy to produce a lattice-stable layered oxide with favorable Na+ diffusion kinetics via selective introduction of cations with different ionic potentials into transition metal (TM) layers and Na layers of layered oxides. In contrast to the implantation of cations with high ionic potentials (Φ > 28.99 nm−1), introducing cations with low ionic potentials (e.g., Li+, 13.16 nm−1) into TM layers enables to facilitate the delocalization of electron clouds around lattice O2− towards TM ions, thereby constructing a unique O-TM-O interlocking configuration to simultaneously improve the stability of TM ions and lattice O2−. Meanwhile, the incorporation of cations with low ionic potentials such as K+ (7.25 nm−1) into Na layers (Na+, 9.80 nm−1) induces an attenuated K+-Na+ electrostatic interaction, thus diminishing the repulsion during Na+ diffusion process. These unique features not only strengthen the skeletal structure of TM layers, but also promote the Na+ interlayer diffusion. Consequently, an excellent rate performance of 78.7 mAh g−1 at 50 C and a long-term stability up to 2000 cycles are achieved in SIBs.
期刊介绍:
Energy & Environmental Science, a peer-reviewed scientific journal, publishes original research and review articles covering interdisciplinary topics in the (bio)chemical and (bio)physical sciences, as well as chemical engineering disciplines. Published monthly by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), a not-for-profit publisher, Energy & Environmental Science is recognized as a leading journal. It boasts an impressive impact factor of 8.500 as of 2009, ranking 8th among 140 journals in the category "Chemistry, Multidisciplinary," second among 71 journals in "Energy & Fuels," second among 128 journals in "Engineering, Chemical," and first among 181 scientific journals in "Environmental Sciences."
Energy & Environmental Science publishes various types of articles, including Research Papers (original scientific work), Review Articles, Perspectives, and Minireviews (feature review-type articles of broad interest), Communications (original scientific work of an urgent nature), Opinions (personal, often speculative viewpoints or hypotheses on current topics), and Analysis Articles (in-depth examination of energy-related issues).