同化SMAP土壤水分如何改善地表-地下综合模型中陆地水循环的表征?

IF 5 1区 地球科学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Haojin Zhao, Carsten Montzka, Johannes Keller, Fang Li, Harry Vereecken, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen
{"title":"同化SMAP土壤水分如何改善地表-地下综合模型中陆地水循环的表征?","authors":"Haojin Zhao, Carsten Montzka, Johannes Keller, Fang Li, Harry Vereecken, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen","doi":"10.1029/2024wr038647","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Land surface modeling combined with data assimilation can yield highly accurate soil moisture estimates on regional and global scales. However, most land surface models often neglect lateral surface and subsurface flows, which are crucial for water redistribution and soil moisture. This study applies the Community Land Model (CLM) and the coupled CLM-ParFlow model over a 22,500 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/53d005e1-8ce7-40d8-ba14-a2ac4e19099c/wrcr70140-math-0001.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"192\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0001.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"km Superscript 2\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.421em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"km Superscript 2\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mtext data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\">km</mtext><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">2</mn></msup></mrow>${\\text{km}}^{2}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> area in western Germany. Soil moisture retrievals from the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission are assimilated with the Localized Ensemble Kalman Filter (with and without parameter estimation). The simulated soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater level are evaluated using in situ observations from a Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor network, Eddy Covariance (EC) stations and groundwater measurement wells. The assimilation improves the median correlation between simulated and measured soil moisture from 0.72 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/3890f539-af30-4753-9a16-317e8da41c13/wrcr70140-math-0002.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"193\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0002.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0002.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.79 to 0.79 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/b85688ce-3449-4a2b-b005-6a157d8640a6/wrcr70140-math-0003.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"194\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0003.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0003\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0003.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.83 and decreases the median unbiased Root Mean Square Error (ubRMSE) from 0.063 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/49c277fd-c5c5-4458-bfa9-1acdc4aa438d/wrcr70140-math-0004.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"195\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0004.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0004\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0004.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.060 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/eb1bdfac-9b49-427d-a169-b6c0b47b9085/wrcr70140-math-0005.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"196\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0005.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"cm Superscript 3\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0005\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0005.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"cm Superscript 3\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mtext data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\">cm</mtext><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\text{cm}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>/<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/b901e9c3-74e9-456e-80ba-d77cd71572b8/wrcr70140-math-0006.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"197\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0006.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"3,4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal c normal m cubed\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0006\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0006.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"3,4\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal c normal m cubed\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">c</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mi></mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\mathrm{c}\\mathrm{m}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> to 0.050 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/642d06b2-6f05-4f64-bb66-27fbf230a7c7/wrcr70140-math-0007.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"198\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0007.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0007\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0007.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-role=\"equality\" data-semantic-speech=\"tilde\" data-semantic-type=\"relation\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.045 <span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/45604b63-f8ea-445e-9222-8e60f3542508/wrcr70140-math-0008.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"199\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0008.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"cm Superscript 3\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0008\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0008.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-speech=\"cm Superscript 3\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mtext data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"unknown\" data-semantic-type=\"text\">cm</mtext><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"2\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\text{cm}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>/<span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/254722ca-17db-4feb-9821-843f679a8554/wrcr70140-math-0009.png\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"200\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0009.png\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\"3,4\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal c normal m cubed\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\" style=\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\" size=\"s\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"><math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0009\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0009.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-children=\"3,4\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal c normal m cubed\" data-semantic-type=\"superscript\"><mrow data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\" data-semantic-children=\"0,1\" data-semantic-content=\"2\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"implicit\" data-semantic-type=\"infixop\"><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">c</mi><mo data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-added=\"true\" data-semantic-operator=\"infixop,⁢\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"multiplication\" data-semantic-type=\"operator\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"3\" data-semantic-role=\"latinletter\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\">m</mi></mrow><mn data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-parent=\"5\" data-semantic-role=\"integer\" data-semantic-type=\"number\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\mathrm{c}\\mathrm{m}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>. ET characterization shows a limited improvement with a highest ubRMSE reduction of 15% at the Rollesbroich1 site with the CLM-ParFlow model. The assimilation does not improve the groundwater level characterization. Furthermore, the joint state-parameter update does not outperform state-only update. Overall, the simulation of full 3D subsurface hydrology with the ParFlow model component results in additional model outputs like groundwater levels and river stages, and a better soil moisture characterization (compared to CLM stand-alone), but it does not make soil moisture assimilation more efficient to correct model states.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"237 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"How Does Assimilating SMAP Soil Moisture Improve Characterization of the Terrestrial Water Cycle in an Integrated Land Surface-Subsurface Model?\",\"authors\":\"Haojin Zhao, Carsten Montzka, Johannes Keller, Fang Li, Harry Vereecken, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen\",\"doi\":\"10.1029/2024wr038647\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Land surface modeling combined with data assimilation can yield highly accurate soil moisture estimates on regional and global scales. However, most land surface models often neglect lateral surface and subsurface flows, which are crucial for water redistribution and soil moisture. This study applies the Community Land Model (CLM) and the coupled CLM-ParFlow model over a 22,500 <span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/53d005e1-8ce7-40d8-ba14-a2ac4e19099c/wrcr70140-math-0001.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"192\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0001.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"km Superscript 2\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"text\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-script style=\\\"vertical-align: 0.421em;\\\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\" size=\\\"s\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0001\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0001.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"km Superscript 2\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mtext data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"text\\\">km</mtext><mn data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\">2</mn></msup></mrow>${\\\\text{km}}^{2}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> area in western Germany. Soil moisture retrievals from the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission are assimilated with the Localized Ensemble Kalman Filter (with and without parameter estimation). The simulated soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater level are evaluated using in situ observations from a Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor network, Eddy Covariance (EC) stations and groundwater measurement wells. The assimilation improves the median correlation between simulated and measured soil moisture from 0.72 <span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/3890f539-af30-4753-9a16-317e8da41c13/wrcr70140-math-0002.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"193\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0002.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0002\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0002.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.79 to 0.79 <span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/b85688ce-3449-4a2b-b005-6a157d8640a6/wrcr70140-math-0003.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"194\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0003.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0003\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0003.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.83 and decreases the median unbiased Root Mean Square Error (ubRMSE) from 0.063 <span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/49c277fd-c5c5-4458-bfa9-1acdc4aa438d/wrcr70140-math-0004.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"195\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0004.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0004\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0004.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.060 <span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/eb1bdfac-9b49-427d-a169-b6c0b47b9085/wrcr70140-math-0005.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"196\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0005.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"cm Superscript 3\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"text\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-script style=\\\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\\\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\" size=\\\"s\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0005\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0005.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"cm Superscript 3\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mtext data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"text\\\">cm</mtext><mn data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\\\text{cm}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>/<span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/b901e9c3-74e9-456e-80ba-d77cd71572b8/wrcr70140-math-0006.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"197\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0006.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\\\"3,4\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"normal c normal m cubed\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic-content=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"infixop\\\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\\\"true\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\\\"infixop,⁢\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"multiplication\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"operator\\\" style=\\\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\\\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\\\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\" size=\\\"s\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0006\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0006.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"3,4\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"normal c normal m cubed\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mrow data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic-content=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"infixop\\\"><mi data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\" mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">c</mi><mo data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-added=\\\"true\\\" data-semantic-operator=\\\"infixop,⁢\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"multiplication\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"operator\\\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\" mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">m</mi></mrow><mn data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\\\mathrm{c}\\\\mathrm{m}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> to 0.050 <span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/642d06b2-6f05-4f64-bb66-27fbf230a7c7/wrcr70140-math-0007.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"198\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0007.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-mo data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0007\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0007.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><mo data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"equality\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"tilde\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"relation\\\">∼</mo></mrow>${\\\\sim} $</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container> 0.045 <span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/45604b63-f8ea-445e-9222-8e60f3542508/wrcr70140-math-0008.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"199\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0008.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"cm Superscript 3\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mjx-mtext data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"text\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mtext><mjx-script style=\\\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\\\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\" size=\\\"s\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0008\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0008.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"cm Superscript 3\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mtext data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"unknown\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"text\\\">cm</mtext><mn data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\\\text{cm}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>/<span data-altimg=\\\"/cms/asset/254722ca-17db-4feb-9821-843f679a8554/wrcr70140-math-0009.png\\\"></span><mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\\\"200\\\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\\\"1\\\" jax=\\\"CHTML\\\" role=\\\"application\\\" sre-explorer- style=\\\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\\\" tabindex=\\\"0\\\"><mjx-math aria-hidden=\\\"true\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0009.png\\\"><mjx-semantics><mjx-mrow><mjx-msup data-semantic-children=\\\"3,4\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"normal c normal m cubed\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mjx-mrow data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic-content=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"infixop\\\"><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi><mjx-mo data-semantic-added=\\\"true\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-operator=\\\"infixop,⁢\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"multiplication\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"operator\\\" style=\\\"margin-left: 0.056em; margin-right: 0.056em;\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mo><mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mi></mjx-mrow><mjx-script style=\\\"vertical-align: 0.363em;\\\"><mjx-mn data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic- data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\" size=\\\"s\\\"><mjx-c></mjx-c></mjx-mn></mjx-script></mjx-msup></mjx-mrow></mjx-semantics></mjx-math><mjx-assistive-mml display=\\\"inline\\\" unselectable=\\\"on\\\"><math altimg=\\\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70140:wrcr70140-math-0009\\\" display=\\\"inline\\\" location=\\\"graphic/wrcr70140-math-0009.png\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\\\"><semantics><mrow><msup data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"3,4\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-speech=\\\"normal c normal m cubed\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"superscript\\\"><mrow data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple;clearspeak:unit\\\" data-semantic-children=\\\"0,1\\\" data-semantic-content=\\\"2\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"implicit\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"infixop\\\"><mi data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\" mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">c</mi><mo data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-added=\\\"true\\\" data-semantic-operator=\\\"infixop,⁢\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"multiplication\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"operator\\\">⁢</mo><mi data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"3\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"latinletter\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"identifier\\\" mathvariant=\\\"normal\\\">m</mi></mrow><mn data-semantic-=\\\"\\\" data-semantic-annotation=\\\"clearspeak:simple\\\" data-semantic-font=\\\"normal\\\" data-semantic-parent=\\\"5\\\" data-semantic-role=\\\"integer\\\" data-semantic-type=\\\"number\\\">3</mn></msup></mrow>${\\\\mathrm{c}\\\\mathrm{m}}^{3}$</annotation></semantics></math></mjx-assistive-mml></mjx-container>. ET characterization shows a limited improvement with a highest ubRMSE reduction of 15% at the Rollesbroich1 site with the CLM-ParFlow model. The assimilation does not improve the groundwater level characterization. Furthermore, the joint state-parameter update does not outperform state-only update. Overall, the simulation of full 3D subsurface hydrology with the ParFlow model component results in additional model outputs like groundwater levels and river stages, and a better soil moisture characterization (compared to CLM stand-alone), but it does not make soil moisture assimilation more efficient to correct model states.\",\"PeriodicalId\":23799,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Water Resources Research\",\"volume\":\"237 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-30\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Water Resources Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038647\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"地球科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water Resources Research","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038647","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

结合数据同化的地表模拟可以在区域和全球尺度上产生高精度的土壤湿度估算。然而,大多数陆地表面模型往往忽略了侧向地表和地下流动,这对水分再分配和土壤湿度至关重要。本研究将社区土地模型(CLM)和耦合的CLM- parflow模型应用于德国西部22500 km2${\text{km}}^{2}$区域。利用局域集成卡尔曼滤波(带参数估计和不带参数估计)对土壤水分进行同化。利用宇宙射线中子传感器网络、涡动相关站和地下水测量井的现场观测资料,对模拟土壤湿度、蒸散量和地下水位进行了评估。同化将模拟土壤湿度与实测土壤湿度的中位数相关性从0.72 ~ ${\sim} $ 0.79提高到0.79 ~ ${\sim} $ 0.83,并将中位数无偏均方根误差(ubRMSE)从0.063 ~ ${\sim} $ 0.060 cm3${\text{cm}}^{3}$/c³${\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$降低到0.050 ~ ${\sim} $ 0.045 cm3${\text{cm}}^{3}$/c³${\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。ET表征表明,使用CLM-ParFlow模型,Rollesbroich1位点的ubRMSE降低幅度有限,最高可降低15%。同化并不能改善地下水位特征。此外,联合状态参数更新并不优于仅状态更新。总体而言,使用ParFlow模型组件模拟全三维地下水文可以获得额外的模型输出,如地下水位和河流阶段,以及更好的土壤水分表征(与单独的CLM相比),但它并不能使土壤水分同化更有效地校正模型状态。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
How Does Assimilating SMAP Soil Moisture Improve Characterization of the Terrestrial Water Cycle in an Integrated Land Surface-Subsurface Model?
Land surface modeling combined with data assimilation can yield highly accurate soil moisture estimates on regional and global scales. However, most land surface models often neglect lateral surface and subsurface flows, which are crucial for water redistribution and soil moisture. This study applies the Community Land Model (CLM) and the coupled CLM-ParFlow model over a 22,500 km2${\text{km}}^{2}$ area in western Germany. Soil moisture retrievals from the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission are assimilated with the Localized Ensemble Kalman Filter (with and without parameter estimation). The simulated soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater level are evaluated using in situ observations from a Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor network, Eddy Covariance (EC) stations and groundwater measurement wells. The assimilation improves the median correlation between simulated and measured soil moisture from 0.72 ${\sim} $ 0.79 to 0.79 ${\sim} $ 0.83 and decreases the median unbiased Root Mean Square Error (ubRMSE) from 0.063 ${\sim} $ 0.060 cm3${\text{cm}}^{3}$/cm3${\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ to 0.050 ${\sim} $ 0.045 cm3${\text{cm}}^{3}$/cm3${\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$. ET characterization shows a limited improvement with a highest ubRMSE reduction of 15% at the Rollesbroich1 site with the CLM-ParFlow model. The assimilation does not improve the groundwater level characterization. Furthermore, the joint state-parameter update does not outperform state-only update. Overall, the simulation of full 3D subsurface hydrology with the ParFlow model component results in additional model outputs like groundwater levels and river stages, and a better soil moisture characterization (compared to CLM stand-alone), but it does not make soil moisture assimilation more efficient to correct model states.
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来源期刊
Water Resources Research
Water Resources Research 环境科学-湖沼学
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
13.00%
发文量
599
审稿时长
3.5 months
期刊介绍: Water Resources Research (WRR) is an interdisciplinary journal that focuses on hydrology and water resources. It publishes original research in the natural and social sciences of water. It emphasizes the role of water in the Earth system, including physical, chemical, biological, and ecological processes in water resources research and management, including social, policy, and public health implications. It encompasses observational, experimental, theoretical, analytical, numerical, and data-driven approaches that advance the science of water and its management. Submissions are evaluated for their novelty, accuracy, significance, and broader implications of the findings.
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