Pollution-Carbon Synergy Significantly Enhances the Capability of Tracking Power Plants’ CO2 Emissions from Space

The potential of satellite-based CO₂ emission estimation from power plants is gaining increasing attention. However, the limited spatiotemporal coverage of current satellite-derived XCO₂ data poses significant challenges to tracking CO₂ variations on a large scale and over extended periods. In view of this, this study uses satellite-derived NO₂ data as a suitable proxy and tracks CO₂ emissions from 38 selected power plants globally by integrating near-synchronously observed TROPOMI NO₂ data and OCO-2 XCO₂ data. The results show that our method significantly increases the effective observation frequency by almost 200 times compared to using OCO-2 data alone. Compared to the emissions reported by the power plants, the correlation coefficient of the method used in this study (0.78) is higher than that of the emission inventory estimates (0.43–0.62), resulting in an accuracy improvement of approximately 1.8–2.3 Mt/yr per power plant. The use of satellite-derived NO₂ data significantly enhances the ability to remotely estimate CO₂ emissions from power plants, which gives us confidence in studying anthropogenic point-source CO₂ emissions across different spatial and temporal scales. This enhances the understanding of their variability and mitigation potential, supporting the development of refined carbon inventories and advanced carbon cycle assimilation systems.