The use of imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a potentially life-threatening condition, classified as group 4 pulmonary hypertension (PH), caused by stenosis or occlusion of the pulmonary arteries due to unresolved thromboembolic material. The prognosis for untreated CTEPH patients is poor because it leads to elevated pulmonary artery pressure and right heart failure. Early and accurate diagnosis of CTEPH is crucial because it remains the only form of PH that is potentially curable. However, diagnosing CTEPH is often challenging and frequently delayed or misdiagnosed. This review discusses the current role of multimodal imaging in diagnosing CTEPH, guiding clinical decision-making, and monitoring post-treatment outcomes. The characteristic findings, strengths, and limitations of various imaging modalities, such as computed tomography, ventilation-perfusion lung scintigraphy, digital subtraction pulmonary angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging, are evaluated. Additionally, the role of artificial intelligence in improving the diagnosis and treatment outcomes of CTEPH is explored. Optimal patient assessment and therapeutic decision-making should ideally be conducted in specialized centers by a multidisciplinary team, utilizing data from imaging, pulmonary hemodynamics, and patient comorbidities.