Emerging liposomal therapies for diabetic retinopathy: a review of novel targeting approaches and advances in retinal health outcomes.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), which affects over millions of individuals globally, is the leading cause of permanent visual loss. Current therapies, including as intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications and laser photocoagulation, are limited by frequent dosing and side effects. Liposomes, with their ability to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic medications, offer tailored delivery, prolonged release, and low systemic toxicity. This study looks at advances in liposomal formulations that address DR's multifactorial etiology, including as anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant processes. We assess new preparation methods (e.g. supercritical CO₂, microfluidics) and clinical considerations, including stability and cost-effectiveness. To address the heterogeneity of DR, future endeavors will prioritize combinatorial medications and customized therapy.