Constraining Solid Dynamics, Interface Rheology, and Slab Hydration in the Hikurangi Subduction Zone Using 3-Dimensional Fully Dynamic Models

Simulating present-day solid Earth deformation and volatile cycling requires integrating diverse geophysical data sets and advanced numerical techniques to model complex multiphysics processes at high resolutions. Subduction zone modeling is particularly challenging due to the large geographic extent, localized deformation zones, and the strong feedbacks between reactive fluid transport and solid deformation. Here, we develop new workflows for simulating 3-dimensional thermal-mechanical subduction and patterns of volatile dehydration at convergent margins, adaptable to include reactive fluid transport. We apply these workflows to the Hikurangi margin, where recent geophysical investigations have offered unprecedented insight into the structure and processes coupling fluid transport and solid deformation across broad spatiotemporal scales. Geophysical data sets constraining the downgoing and overriding plate structure are collated with the Geodynamic World Builder, which provides the initial conditions for forward simulations using the open-source geodynamic modeling software code ASPECT. We systematically examine how plate interface rheology and hydration of the downgoing plate and upper mantle influence Pacific–Australian convergence and seismic anisotropy. Models prescribing a plate boundary viscosity of $5\times 10^{20}$ Pa s best reproduce observed plate velocities, and changing the configuration of the Pacific–Australia plate boundary directly influences the modeled plate motions. Models considering hydrated olivine fabrics best reproduce observations of seismic anisotropy. Predicted patterns of slab dehydration and mantle melting correlate well with observations of seismic attenuation and arc volcanism. These results suggest that hydration-related rheological heterogeneity and related fluid weakening may strongly influence slab dynamics. Future investigations integrating coupled fluid transport and global mantle flow will provide insight into the feedbacks between subduction dynamics, fluid pathways, and arc volcanism.