Titanium-based metal-organic frameworks: Synthesis innovations and multifunctional applications

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted a lot of interests in many different sectors due to their remarkable structural tunability and variety of characteristics. Titanium-based metal–organic frameworks (Ti-MOFs), a prominent subset of MOFs, possess distinct advantages over other MOF-based materials owing to the unique electronic structure, redox activity, high stability, and coordination chemistry of titanium ions. Furthermore, these MOFs exhibit superior performance in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, energy storage, and sensing, offering novel approaches and potential solutions to address the critical challenges in practical applications. This review provides a comprehensive summary of Ti-MOFs, focusing on their synthesis strategies, structural characteristics, and multifunctional applications in catalysis, energy storage, and sensing. We summarize the recent advancements in the field, highlighting key achievements and addressing the challenges faced in the synthesis and application of Ti-MOFs. This work aims to offer new insights and guidance for future research, emphasizing innovative approaches to enhance the performance of Ti-MOFs and expand their practical applications.