A critical review on the impacts of β-glucans on gut microbiota and human health

This review compiles current evidence on the effects of β-glucans on gut microbiota and human health, focusing on their structural properties, sources, and roles as a dietary fiber. Primarily sourced from cereals, fungi, and yeast, β-glucans are well-known for their prebiotic effects, fostering the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and supporting gut health. The review further explores their immunomodulatory properties, impact on metabolic health, and potential in managing gastrointestinal disorders. Mechanistic insights highlight how β-glucans interact with the gut-immune axis, affecting systemic inflammation and metabolic pathways. A comparative analysis emphasizes their distinct advantages over other dietary fibers, while clinical applications underscore their safe incorporation into various diets. Research gaps are discussed, emphasizing the need for long-term studies, improved characterization of β-glucans, and research involving diverse populations. The review also addresses the ongoing classification debate between cereal and fungal β-glucans and its implications for future studies. Emerging research trends such as personalized nutrition, nanoencapsulation, and combination therapies are identified as promising directions. This review is timely, given the increasing interest in β-glucans within clinical and dietary settings, as they hold significant potential for enhancing gut health and reducing chronic disease risk. Future research should aim to clarify mechanisms, establish standardization, and bridge existing gaps to unlock novel therapeutic possibilities.