{"title":"Arthrospira platensis提取物对皮肤致病菌和皮肤癌细胞的抑制作用。","authors":"Ranchana Rungjiraphirat, Nitsanat Cheepchirasuk, Sureeporn Suriyaprom, Yingmanee Tragoolpua","doi":"10.3390/biology14050502","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (spirulina) is a cyanobacterium containing various phytochemical compounds associated with various antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-promoting properties. The efficacy of ethanolic and methanolic crude extracts of <i>A. platensis</i> regarding antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects was determined in this study. The ethanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity by 8.96 ± 0.84 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract (mg GAE/g extract), 53.03 ± 4.21 mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per gram of extract (mg TEAC/g extract), and 48.06 ± 0.78 mg TEAC/g extract as determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays, respectively. Moreover, the ethanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid compound contents by 38.79 ± 1.61 mg GAE/g extract and 27.50 ± 0.53 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of extract (mg QE/g extract). Gallic acid and quercetin in the extracts were also determined by HPLC. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods on skin pathogenic bacteria, including <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Micrococcus luteus</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Cutibacterium acnes</i>. The inhibition zone of <i>A. platensis</i> extracts ranges from 9.67 ± 0.58 to 12.50 ± 0.50 mm. In addition, MIC and MBC values ranged from 31.25 to 125 mg/mL. The inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication by <i>A. platensis</i> ethanolic extract was 87.18% and 99.77%, as determined by the crystal violet staining assay. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of <i>A. platensis</i> on A375 human melanoma cells was examined. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts induced DNA apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by upregulating the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. These findings suggested that <i>A. platensis</i> demonstrated promising antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities, emphasizing its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of pathological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48624,"journal":{"name":"Biology-Basel","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109188/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Inhibitory Efficacy of <i>Arthrospira platensis</i> Extracts on Skin Pathogenic Bacteria and Skin Cancer Cells.\",\"authors\":\"Ranchana Rungjiraphirat, Nitsanat Cheepchirasuk, Sureeporn Suriyaprom, Yingmanee Tragoolpua\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/biology14050502\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p><i>Arthrospira platensis</i> (spirulina) is a cyanobacterium containing various phytochemical compounds associated with various antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-promoting properties. The efficacy of ethanolic and methanolic crude extracts of <i>A. platensis</i> regarding antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects was determined in this study. The ethanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity by 8.96 ± 0.84 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract (mg GAE/g extract), 53.03 ± 4.21 mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per gram of extract (mg TEAC/g extract), and 48.06 ± 0.78 mg TEAC/g extract as determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays, respectively. Moreover, the ethanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid compound contents by 38.79 ± 1.61 mg GAE/g extract and 27.50 ± 0.53 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of extract (mg QE/g extract). Gallic acid and quercetin in the extracts were also determined by HPLC. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods on skin pathogenic bacteria, including <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA), <i>Micrococcus luteus</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Cutibacterium acnes</i>. The inhibition zone of <i>A. platensis</i> extracts ranges from 9.67 ± 0.58 to 12.50 ± 0.50 mm. In addition, MIC and MBC values ranged from 31.25 to 125 mg/mL. The inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication by <i>A. platensis</i> ethanolic extract was 87.18% and 99.77%, as determined by the crystal violet staining assay. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of <i>A. platensis</i> on A375 human melanoma cells was examined. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts induced DNA apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by upregulating the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. These findings suggested that <i>A. platensis</i> demonstrated promising antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities, emphasizing its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of pathological conditions.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":48624,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Biology-Basel\",\"volume\":\"14 5\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-05\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12109188/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Biology-Basel\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14050502\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biology-Basel","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14050502","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Inhibitory Efficacy of Arthrospira platensis Extracts on Skin Pathogenic Bacteria and Skin Cancer Cells.
Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) is a cyanobacterium containing various phytochemical compounds associated with various antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-promoting properties. The efficacy of ethanolic and methanolic crude extracts of A. platensis regarding antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects was determined in this study. The ethanolic extract showed the highest antioxidant activity by 8.96 ± 0.84 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract (mg GAE/g extract), 53.03 ± 4.21 mg trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity per gram of extract (mg TEAC/g extract), and 48.06 ± 0.78 mg TEAC/g extract as determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays, respectively. Moreover, the ethanolic extract showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid compound contents by 38.79 ± 1.61 mg GAE/g extract and 27.50 ± 0.53 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of extract (mg QE/g extract). Gallic acid and quercetin in the extracts were also determined by HPLC. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods on skin pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Cutibacterium acnes. The inhibition zone of A. platensis extracts ranges from 9.67 ± 0.58 to 12.50 ± 0.50 mm. In addition, MIC and MBC values ranged from 31.25 to 125 mg/mL. The inhibition of biofilm formation and biofilm eradication by A. platensis ethanolic extract was 87.18% and 99.77%, as determined by the crystal violet staining assay. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of A. platensis on A375 human melanoma cells was examined. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts induced DNA apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by upregulating the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. These findings suggested that A. platensis demonstrated promising antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities, emphasizing its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of pathological conditions.
期刊介绍:
Biology (ISSN 2079-7737) is an international, peer-reviewed, quick-refereeing open access journal of Biological Science published by MDPI online. It publishes reviews, research papers and communications in all areas of biology and at the interface of related disciplines. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files regarding the full details of the experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary material.