Evaluation of modifier type (mineral or organic) and modifier location (top layer or sublayer) on fouling mitigation in MMM and TFC membranes

Membrane fouling, a major challenge in filtration which lowers performance and membrane lifespan, is the focus of this research. The study introduces a key novelty by examining the combined effects of modifier type (mineral nanoparticles vs. organic substances) and their specific loading site (sublayer vs. top layer) on fouling mitigation, an aspect that has not been comprehensively addressed in prior studies. Hydrophilic mineral nanoparticles (CdSe, ZnSe, ZnTe) and dopamine hydrophilic organic substance were loaded in the sublayers of mixed matrix membranes (MMM) and the top layer of thin-film composite (TFC). Mineral modifiers outperformed organic counterparts. ZnSe nanoparticles was the most effective modifier; its strong hydrophilicity enhanced hydration layer formation, delayed phase inversion, and resulted in smaller pores and lower tortuosity in MMM (0,ZnSe), with the lowest pore fouling. Highlighting the significance of research, MMM membranes containing mineral modifiers (especially ZnSe) are suggested for lower pore fouling (4.62% vs 67.31%). In contrast, for lower cake fouling and higher rejection (98.00% vs 75.09%), TFC membranes containing both organic (dopamine) and mineral (especially ZnSe) modifiers are recommended.