Advancing Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells from Lab to Commercialization: Materials and Deposition Strategies

Flexible perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs) have emerged as a promising area of research in photovoltaics, achieving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) surpassing 26%. Compared to rigid PSCs, the selection of deposition techniques and materials optimization, among other factors, significantly influence the efficiency and long-term stability of F-PSCs. This review comprehensively analyzes state-of-the-art F-PSC fabrication methods, including spin coating, blade coating, slot-die coating, inkjet printing, screen printing, and vacuum evaporation. Additionally, it evaluates advanced strategies for refining charge transport materials, such as doping, additive engineering, and interfacial modification. Critical challenges unique to F-PSCs are also discussed, including their integration into tandem solar cells, long-term encapsulation reliability, and compatibility with flexible substrates. Ultimately, this review offers a forward-looking perspective on F-PSC commercialization, proposing actionable solutions to address technical bottlenecks and facilitate their transition from lab-scale innovation to industrial application.