Heavy metal contamination in wastewater-irrigated vegetables: assessing food safety challenges in developing Asian countries

Vegetables are crucial for human nutrition, providing essential micronutrients and beneficial compounds. Heavy metal contamination of vegetables irrigated with wastewater poses a significant public health risk in developing Asian countries. This review analyses recent research on heavy metal accumulation in vegetables across India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and China. Studies consistently report concerning levels of cadmium, lead, chromium, arsenic, nickel, and mercury in vegetables, often exceeding international safety standards. Leafy vegetables consistently show higher heavy metal accumulation compared to fruit and root vegetables. Within plant structures, roots generally contain higher heavy metal concentrations than edible parts, though this varies depending on the metal and plant species. Many studies report health risk indices exceeding safe limits, indicating potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from chronic dietary exposure, with children at higher risk. The review highlights inadequate regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms. A multi-faceted approach is urgently needed, encompassing improved wastewater treatment, best agricultural practices, rigorous monitoring, and public awareness campaigns. Future research directions are identified, including long-term health impact studies, development of cost-effective remediation techniques, and exploration of sustainable alternatives to wastewater irrigation. While wastewater irrigation addresses immediate water scarcity, it poses significant long-term food safety and public health risks. Integrated policies balancing water scarcity, agricultural productivity, and health risks are essential. This review underscores the pressing need for coordinated efforts from policymakers, researchers, and health officials to safeguard public health and ensure sustainable agriculture in developing Asian countries facing increasing urbanization and water scarcity.