Differential industrial structures and the impact on timber carbon stocks: A comparative study of China, the United States, and Canada

As the largest terrestrial carbon sink, forests regulate global carbon cycling, with timber providing long-term carbon storage for climate mitigation. This study analyzes consumption-based timber carbon stock flows in China, the U.S., and Canada, focusing on their roles in the global timber trade and sectoral linkages. China’s timber supply chain is dependent on imported timber carbon stocks, particularly for downstream sectors such as construction and furniture manufacturing. In contrast, the U.S. exhibits an integrated system, consistently managing its domestic timber carbon stocks across various industries. Canada, as a major timber exporter, plays a critical role in transferring timber carbon stocks, especially to the U.S., reflecting its strong outward linkages. This comparative analysis enhances understanding of timber carbon stock dynamics in trade, providing insights for supply chain optimization. Strengthened cooperation among China, the U.S., and Canada is essential for enhancing forest-based climate mitigation and accelerating carbon neutrality.