Long-term complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Long COVID)

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant health, social, and economic challenges, with an estimated 65 million people affected by long-term complications collectively referred to as long COVID-19. Symptoms include psychiatric, neurological, cardiovascular, immune, and metabolic disorders, including chronic fatigue syndrome and autoimmune conditions. Risk factors include female sex, lack of vaccination, pre-existing comorbidities, and smoking. A longer duration or increased severity of symptoms is associated with reduced quality of life, physical performance, and the ability to work or attend school. Diagnostic and therapeutic innovations are being adopted, including digital medicine and artificial intelligence. Recovery from long COVID varies widely among individuals, and probiotics have been proposed as effective remedies for fatigue, memory loss, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Further research and data are needed to fully understand the complexity and multi-organ nature of the disease.