A comprehensive overview of cyanogenic glycosides: Toxicology and innovative sensing approaches

Cyanogenic glycosides are naturally occurring plant compounds that serve as chemical defences but pose significant health risks due to their potential to release hydrogen cyanide. Found in dietary staple foods such as cassava, bamboo shoots, and stone fruits, these compounds are particularly concerning in regions with high dependence on such foods. This review provides a detailed analysis of the toxicology of cyanogenic glycosides, focusing on their metabolism, the mechanisms underlying their toxicity, and their broader implications for human health and environmental safety. Traditional detection methods for cyanogenic glycosides and recent advancements in innovative sensing technologies are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on biosensor-based approaches, including electrochemical, optical, and fluorescence-based systems, which have demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, specificity, and rapid response times. These modern techniques are emerging as critical tools for ensuring food safety, particularly in high-risk regions. Integrating biosensors with digital technologies and data analytics is explored as a pathway to develop comprehensive, real-time monitoring systems for cyanogenic glycosides. The review also highlights regulatory frameworks' role in standardizing detection methodologies and ensuring public health. Challenges such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and regional adoption are discussed alongside recommendations for multidisciplinary research and international collaboration. The findings underscore the potential of biosensor-based technologies to transform food safety protocols, while future research is needed to overcome existing limitations and achieve widespread implementation. This comprehensive overview informs strategies for reducing cyanogenic glycoside-related risks and enhancing global food safety.