How to calculate CO2 emissions and emission reduction effectiveness of underground logistics systems using the life cycle assessment

Quantifying CO₂ emissions and the reduction efficiency of an underground logistics system (ULS) is crucial for achieving a carbon–neutral city. We constructed a quantitative model based on the life cycle assessment and system dynamics, and verified it using a case study in Wuhan City. The results show that: (i) The constructed model can calculate the CO₂ emissions of the ULS, and demonstrated that the largest CO₂ emissions of the four stages are building material production; further, the stages of ULS operation demonstrate CO₂ emission reduction potential; (ii) the life cycle CO₂ emission reduction of ULS is negatively correlated with the size of the ULS and energy consumption of ULS carriers, and positively correlated with the freight volume of ULS. These findings provide theoretical support and data reference for our study of urban logistics decarbonization and achieving carbon neutrality in the fields of urban transportation.