Przemysław Kardas, Filip Bielec, Małgorzata Brauncajs, Paweł Lewek, Dariusz Timler, Ewelina Łojewska, Marcello Chiurazzi, Neri Niccolò Dei, Gastone Ciuti, Raquel Juliá Ros, Víctor Solaz Estevan, Alessia Maccaro, Leandro Pecchia, Beatriz Merino, Alejandro Medrano, Thomas Penzel, Giuseppe Fico
{"title":"自主移动机器人在急诊科医院后勤消毒方法的评价","authors":"Przemysław Kardas, Filip Bielec, Małgorzata Brauncajs, Paweł Lewek, Dariusz Timler, Ewelina Łojewska, Marcello Chiurazzi, Neri Niccolò Dei, Gastone Ciuti, Raquel Juliá Ros, Víctor Solaz Estevan, Alessia Maccaro, Leandro Pecchia, Beatriz Merino, Alejandro Medrano, Thomas Penzel, Giuseppe Fico","doi":"10.1016/j.jhin.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) have been increasingly used in hospital logistics, particularly in high-risk areas, such as Emergency Departments (EDs), to streamline operations, reduce staff fatigue, and minimize infection risks. However, their effective disinfection remains a critical concern, especially when it comes to solutions aimed at preventing spread of multi-drug-resistant organisms.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the microbiological cleanliness and effectiveness of various disinfection methods for AMRs in real-life hospital logistics settings, with a particular focus on their application in EDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The HOSBOT, an AMR designed for hospital logistics, was deployed in a tertiary hospital for two weeks and validated for transport of biological samples. Microbiological contamination was assessed at multiple robot sites before and after disinfection, using two methods, i.e. manual wiping with a standard disinfectant and non-contact fumigation with low temperature vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Contamination levels were evaluated using quantitative and qualitative microbiological techniques, and a threshold of <2.5 colony-forming units/cm<sup>2</sup> for critical environments, recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was considered as proof of success.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bacterial contamination exceeded thresholds at all sites. Both disinfection methods significantly decreased contamination. Manual wiping reduced bacterial counts below thresholds and eradicated fungal growth, while fumigation was effective for bacterial but not fungal contamination. Fumigation also failed to meet CDC cleanliness standards in hard-to-reach areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both manual wiping and fumigation effectively reduced bacterial contamination, however, wiping showed better results in fungal eradication. Improvements to fumigation methods are necessary, such as application of higher disinfectant concentrations or alternative chemicals. The aforementioned findings not only support the use of AMRs in clinical settings but also emphasize the importance of effective disinfection for safety and efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":54806,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hospital Infection","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Evaluation of Disinfection Methods for Autonomous Mobile Robots Used in Hospital Logistics in Emergency Departments.\",\"authors\":\"Przemysław Kardas, Filip Bielec, Małgorzata Brauncajs, Paweł Lewek, Dariusz Timler, Ewelina Łojewska, Marcello Chiurazzi, Neri Niccolò Dei, Gastone Ciuti, Raquel Juliá Ros, Víctor Solaz Estevan, Alessia Maccaro, Leandro Pecchia, Beatriz Merino, Alejandro Medrano, Thomas Penzel, Giuseppe Fico\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jhin.2025.05.006\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) have been increasingly used in hospital logistics, particularly in high-risk areas, such as Emergency Departments (EDs), to streamline operations, reduce staff fatigue, and minimize infection risks. However, their effective disinfection remains a critical concern, especially when it comes to solutions aimed at preventing spread of multi-drug-resistant organisms.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the microbiological cleanliness and effectiveness of various disinfection methods for AMRs in real-life hospital logistics settings, with a particular focus on their application in EDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The HOSBOT, an AMR designed for hospital logistics, was deployed in a tertiary hospital for two weeks and validated for transport of biological samples. Microbiological contamination was assessed at multiple robot sites before and after disinfection, using two methods, i.e. manual wiping with a standard disinfectant and non-contact fumigation with low temperature vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Contamination levels were evaluated using quantitative and qualitative microbiological techniques, and a threshold of <2.5 colony-forming units/cm<sup>2</sup> for critical environments, recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was considered as proof of success.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bacterial contamination exceeded thresholds at all sites. Both disinfection methods significantly decreased contamination. Manual wiping reduced bacterial counts below thresholds and eradicated fungal growth, while fumigation was effective for bacterial but not fungal contamination. Fumigation also failed to meet CDC cleanliness standards in hard-to-reach areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both manual wiping and fumigation effectively reduced bacterial contamination, however, wiping showed better results in fungal eradication. Improvements to fumigation methods are necessary, such as application of higher disinfectant concentrations or alternative chemicals. 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Evaluation of Disinfection Methods for Autonomous Mobile Robots Used in Hospital Logistics in Emergency Departments.
Background: Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) have been increasingly used in hospital logistics, particularly in high-risk areas, such as Emergency Departments (EDs), to streamline operations, reduce staff fatigue, and minimize infection risks. However, their effective disinfection remains a critical concern, especially when it comes to solutions aimed at preventing spread of multi-drug-resistant organisms.
Objective: This study evaluated the microbiological cleanliness and effectiveness of various disinfection methods for AMRs in real-life hospital logistics settings, with a particular focus on their application in EDs.
Methods: The HOSBOT, an AMR designed for hospital logistics, was deployed in a tertiary hospital for two weeks and validated for transport of biological samples. Microbiological contamination was assessed at multiple robot sites before and after disinfection, using two methods, i.e. manual wiping with a standard disinfectant and non-contact fumigation with low temperature vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Contamination levels were evaluated using quantitative and qualitative microbiological techniques, and a threshold of <2.5 colony-forming units/cm2 for critical environments, recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), was considered as proof of success.
Results: Bacterial contamination exceeded thresholds at all sites. Both disinfection methods significantly decreased contamination. Manual wiping reduced bacterial counts below thresholds and eradicated fungal growth, while fumigation was effective for bacterial but not fungal contamination. Fumigation also failed to meet CDC cleanliness standards in hard-to-reach areas.
Conclusions: Both manual wiping and fumigation effectively reduced bacterial contamination, however, wiping showed better results in fungal eradication. Improvements to fumigation methods are necessary, such as application of higher disinfectant concentrations or alternative chemicals. The aforementioned findings not only support the use of AMRs in clinical settings but also emphasize the importance of effective disinfection for safety and efficacy.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Hospital Infection is the editorially independent scientific publication of the Healthcare Infection Society. The aim of the Journal is to publish high quality research and information relating to infection prevention and control that is relevant to an international audience.
The Journal welcomes submissions that relate to all aspects of infection prevention and control in healthcare settings. This includes submissions that:
provide new insight into the epidemiology, surveillance, or prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings;
provide new insight into cleaning, disinfection and decontamination;
provide new insight into the design of healthcare premises;
describe novel aspects of outbreaks of infection;
throw light on techniques for effective antimicrobial stewardship;
describe novel techniques (laboratory-based or point of care) for the detection of infection or antimicrobial resistance in the healthcare setting, particularly if these can be used to facilitate infection prevention and control;
improve understanding of the motivations of safe healthcare behaviour, or describe techniques for achieving behavioural and cultural change;
improve understanding of the use of IT systems in infection surveillance and prevention and control.
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