Multi-omics analyses reveal the differentiation of biochemical constituents from fresh and dry Andrographis paniculata-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles

Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PDVLNs) contain various biomolecules and metabolites that aid in material conversion, signal transduction, cross-species information communication, and gene expression regulation. Despite their potential, there have been no prior reports on Andrographis paniculata-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (ApDVLNs) and their biological components. In this study, ApDVLNs were identified through physical and biochemical characterization, and their cargoes were analyzed using multi-omics (microRNA omics, proteomics, non-targeted metabolomics). Joint analysis revealed that both fresh and dry ApDVLNs were rich in miRNAs involved in regulating plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Target genes of specific miRNAs in fresh ApDVLNs were related to photosynthesis and hormone signal transduction, at the same time, those in dry ApDVLNs were involved in secondary metabolite accumulation and nucleic acid repair. miRNAs like miR396-x and miR166-y may also regulate infections, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, immune disorders, and metabolic diseases in Homo sapiens. Both fresh and dry ApDVLNs contained numerous proteins primarily associated with catalytic activity, binding, transporter activity, and other functions. They included proteins involved in endocytosis, ABC transporters, vesicles, aquaporins, tetraspanins, and membrane proteins, which support ApDVLNs functionality. Interestingly, many miRNAs and proteins were present in both fresh and dry ApDVLNs, but dry ApDVLNs contain more of these miRNAs and proteins. Additionally, dry ApDVLNs were metabolite-rich, identifying 23,760 metabolites, with 53.06 % of the annotated ones belonging to lipids and lipid-like molecules. The results of these works demonstrate that ApDVLNs are abundant in miRNAs, proteins and metabolites. Enhancing the concentration of these substances during the drying process is crucial for their biological function. These components form the material basis for their biological activities.