Insights into surface and chemical interactions in electrochemical probing of Diazinon: A comprehensive review on current trends, challenges, and perspectives

The widespread use of organophosphate pesticides, particularly Diazinon, raises significant concerns about environmental contamination and human health due to their high toxicity and potential chemical discharge into water systems. Effective monitoring of Diazinon levels is crucial for minimizing risks associated with agricultural runoff and public safety. Hence, an enormous demand exists for developing highly accurate, rapid, and sensitive Diazinon detection systems. One such rapid and sensitive Diazinon detection system is an electrochemical approach. This review highlights the recent trends and advancements in the electrochemical sensing of Diazinon, along with the critical challenges and future perspectives. The underlying mechanisms in the electrochemical sensing of Diazinon, along with the interactions in the electrode-electrolyte interface, electrode surface modifications with various functional nanomaterials, electron transfer rate reactions, and selectivity of the modified electrodes towards Diazinon have been emphasized. Versatile electrochemical sensors in the context of enzyme-based and enzyme-free sensors, including CNT-enabled sensors, aptasensors, impedimetric sensors, molecularly imprinted polymer sensors and hybrid electrochemical sensors, have been highlighted along with the specific role in the enhancement of electrochemical sensing of Diazinon. This review opens up new insights into elucidating the recent advancements, critical challenges, and strategies in electrochemical probing of Diazinon, which facilitates significant advancements in sensor technology. This review examines current capabilities and future directions and contributes to ongoing environmental protection and public health safety efforts through effective pesticide monitoring strategies.