Exploring female infertility: A comprehensive review of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its impact on reproductive health

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a complicated endocrine disorder that causes female infertility, affects 6–10 % of reproductive-age women. Although it is necessary to intricate the relationship between PCOS and reproductive health to illuminate how it affects female fertility. Pathophysiology describing that how the hormonal imbalances cause ovarian cyst formation following clinical issues in ovulation. These imbalances include low FSH, high LH, and high androgens as well as increased AMH, all of which disrupt normal follicular development and ovulation. PCOS related metabolic problems such insulin resistance, obesity, and dyslipidaemia have been carefully investigated for reproductive health implications along with the pharmacological aspects. The effects of oral contraceptives, anti-androgens (such as spironolactone), and insulin-sensitizing drugs (such as metformin) on ovulation and fertility heve been reviewed. This article examines the use of the Rotterdam criteria and imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosing PCOS, while also exploring comprehensive management strategies including pharmacological treatments, alternative medicine approach and lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise to improve metabolic and reproductive outcomes. Besides those explorations of emerging treatments and early-stage studies for PCOS, including the potential of supplementary therapies like myo-inositol and lifestyle modifications tailored to individual metabolic profiles. It also highlights the latest studies on the factors contributing to PCOS and their implications for personalized treatment approaches. Emphasizing the importance of a holistic management plan, the article addresses both physical and emotional well-being, including the psychosocial impact of PCOS on mental health and overall quality of life.