Metal-organic frameworks as versatile platforms for sustainable crop disease management: A comprehensive review of mechanisms and applications

Plant diseases pose a major threat to agricultural productivity and global food security, particularly in the context of climate change and increasing pesticide resistance. This review explores the emerging potential of metal-organic framework (MOF)-enabled nanoformulations as an innovative solution for sustainable plant disease management. MOFs, characterized by their tunable pore size, structural versatility and high surface area, offer unique advantages for the controlled delivery of agrochemicals and enhancement of plant protection strategies. We discuss the multiple mechanisms through which MOF nanoformulations combat plant diseases, including direct pathogen inhibition through reactive oxygen species generation and membrane disruption, activation of plant defense responses through systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), and controlled release of active ingredients and pesticides. Recent advances in MOF design and synthesis have confirmed their effectiveness in controlling numerous plant pathogens while reducing environmental impact compared to conventional pesticides. The review examines the uptake and translocation patterns of MOF nanoformulations in plants, highlighting the importance of understanding these processes for optimal delivery system design. Furthermore, we address current challenges and future perspectives in the field, including the need for scalable production methods, long-term environmental impact studies, and integration with other advanced agricultural technologies. As agriculture faces increasing pressures from climate change and resistant pathogens, MOF-enabled nanoformulations represent a promising frontier in developing more sustainable and effective crop protection strategies to ensure food security.