TiN/SiO2 core–shell refractory plasmonic nanostructures unlock unprecedented 26.7% power conversion efficiency in Pb-free perovskite solar cells

TiN/SiO₂ core–shell refractory plasmonic nanoparticles have been utilized as highly efficient nanoantennas to enhance the performance of lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The SiO₂ shell, selected for its high refractive index and low extinction coefficient, enables precise light control while minimizing optical losses. A 3D finite element method (FEM)-based optoelectronic model was developed to analyze the optical and electrical characteristics of both unmodified and TiN/SiO₂-integrated PSCs. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between power conversion efficiency (PCE) and nanoparticle size. Incorporating 90 nm nanoparticles increases the PCE from 12.9% to 17.3%, while 115 nm nanoparticles achieve an impressive 26.7%, marking a 97.3% improvement. These findings highlight the pivotal role of tailored plasmonic nanostructures in maximizing light absorption and energy conversion. This study advances the understanding of plasmonic nanomaterials in photovoltaics and offers a viable strategy for enhancing the efficiency of lead-free PSCs. The integration of TiN/SiO₂ nanoparticles presents a promising pathway for developing high-performance, sustainable solar technologies.