Technical Standards in Neurosurgery in Germany around 1950.

The technical state of neurosurgery in Germany around 1950 was characterized by the limitations imposed by the postwar period in a war-damaged, challenging environment. Neurosurgeons from that era had to rely on their skills, knowledge, and improvisational skills when performing complex procedures with limited resources. The development of neurosurgery was also shaped by the division of the country with the establishment of different neurosurgical schools in East and West Germany. Despite these great challenges, German neurosurgery made significant contributions to the development of the field during this time. Significant and important advances were made in hemostatic techniques, anesthesiology, and the development of new surgical instruments. Limitations in resources and technology posed enormous challenges. Craniotomy, which is presented as an example, represents the long and complex path of development of our specialty.