Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in TCCSUP Bladder Cancer Cell by the Panax ginseng Leaf Extract Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

The mTOR signaling pathway has a main role in integrating extracellular and intracellular signals, acting as a key regulator of proliferation, growth, metabolism, and survival. Research conducted over the past 10 years has revealed that the mTOR pathway is activated in numerous cellular processes, including angiogenesis, tumor formation, adipogenesis, insulin resistance, and T-lymphocyte activation. Furthermore, it is dysregulated in various human diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cancer. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been formulated for cancer treatment. Treatment of several cancers such as uterine cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, bone cancer, and glioma have been reported by the silver NPs green-synthesized by plant extracts. This study reports on the green manufacture of silver NPs utilizing Panax ginseng and its antibladder cancer properties that follow the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. The NPs were described using UV-Vis, XRD, FE-SEM, and FT-IR. The biological aspects were the focus of a recent study. The MTT examination was used to evaluate the cytotoxic potentials of Ag NPs on HUVEC and TCCSUP cancer cells after the cells were exposed to them for 48 h. Ag NPs with a spherical shape and an appropriate average size of 43.71 nm were shown to have a crystallinity structure in the results. When exposed to Ag NPs, the cancer cell's viability diminished, resulting in an IC₅₀ value of 154 μg/mL. An mTOR pathway in-depth examination indicated that Ag NPs influence apoptosis and cell proliferation in TCCSUP through the pathway modulation. Additionally, the antioxidant evaluation showed that Ag NPs' IC₅₀ value regarding DPPH was 62 μg/mL. The pathway inhibited the cell cycle and induced the apoptosis triggered by Ag NPs. Therefore, in the treatment of bladder carcinoma, Ag NPs may prove to be a beneficial natural anticancer agent.