{"title":"英格兰和威尔士自动柜员机（ATM）可达性变化及其启示研究","authors":"Stephen D. Clark, Chris Duley","doi":"10.1007/s12061-025-09658-2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ways that people choose to pay for products and services is changing, with many people having a greater desire to pay using electronic means in preference to using cash. However for a significant section of society cash remains an important option, for budgetary, technical and sociological reasons. One of the primary ways to make cash available is through Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and the United Kingdom’s financial industry and the government are keen to maintain a viable network of ATMs. In this study a refinement to the Floating Catchment Area technique, the Modified Huff Variable Three Step Floating Catchment Area (MHV3SFCA), is used to assess the accessibility of ATMs in England and Wales. The MHV3SFCA approach better accounts for competition, and ensures equity through a minimum threshold for access. How this accessibility has changed over time and how the definition of the network has an impact is shown. The results are illustrated with maps that identify potential ATM deserts and a case study of the City of York. Trends are summarised using the typographies of an area classification, a deprivation index and an urban/rural indicator. The results show better accessibility in deprived and urban locations. Over a 3 year time period the accessibility has deteriorated for all locations, however this was least in deprived areas, where accessibility is already good. In locations where there has been an attempt to protect ATMs, the level of accessibility has remained stable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":46392,"journal":{"name":"Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy","volume":"18 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12061-025-09658-2.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A Study of Changing Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Accessibility and its Implications in England and Wales\",\"authors\":\"Stephen D. Clark, Chris Duley\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12061-025-09658-2\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>The ways that people choose to pay for products and services is changing, with many people having a greater desire to pay using electronic means in preference to using cash. However for a significant section of society cash remains an important option, for budgetary, technical and sociological reasons. One of the primary ways to make cash available is through Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and the United Kingdom’s financial industry and the government are keen to maintain a viable network of ATMs. In this study a refinement to the Floating Catchment Area technique, the Modified Huff Variable Three Step Floating Catchment Area (MHV3SFCA), is used to assess the accessibility of ATMs in England and Wales. The MHV3SFCA approach better accounts for competition, and ensures equity through a minimum threshold for access. How this accessibility has changed over time and how the definition of the network has an impact is shown. The results are illustrated with maps that identify potential ATM deserts and a case study of the City of York. Trends are summarised using the typographies of an area classification, a deprivation index and an urban/rural indicator. The results show better accessibility in deprived and urban locations. Over a 3 year time period the accessibility has deteriorated for all locations, however this was least in deprived areas, where accessibility is already good. In locations where there has been an attempt to protect ATMs, the level of accessibility has remained stable.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":46392,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy\",\"volume\":\"18 2\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":2.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-05-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12061-025-09658-2.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"90\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12061-025-09658-2\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"社会学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy","FirstCategoryId":"90","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12061-025-09658-2","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES","Score":null,"Total":0}
A Study of Changing Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Accessibility and its Implications in England and Wales
The ways that people choose to pay for products and services is changing, with many people having a greater desire to pay using electronic means in preference to using cash. However for a significant section of society cash remains an important option, for budgetary, technical and sociological reasons. One of the primary ways to make cash available is through Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and the United Kingdom’s financial industry and the government are keen to maintain a viable network of ATMs. In this study a refinement to the Floating Catchment Area technique, the Modified Huff Variable Three Step Floating Catchment Area (MHV3SFCA), is used to assess the accessibility of ATMs in England and Wales. The MHV3SFCA approach better accounts for competition, and ensures equity through a minimum threshold for access. How this accessibility has changed over time and how the definition of the network has an impact is shown. The results are illustrated with maps that identify potential ATM deserts and a case study of the City of York. Trends are summarised using the typographies of an area classification, a deprivation index and an urban/rural indicator. The results show better accessibility in deprived and urban locations. Over a 3 year time period the accessibility has deteriorated for all locations, however this was least in deprived areas, where accessibility is already good. In locations where there has been an attempt to protect ATMs, the level of accessibility has remained stable.
期刊介绍：
Description
The journal has an applied focus: it actively promotes the importance of geographical research in real world settings
It is policy-relevant: it seeks both a readership and contributions from practitioners as well as academics
The substantive foundation is spatial analysis: the use of quantitative techniques to identify patterns and processes within geographic environments
The combination of these points, which are fully reflected in the naming of the journal, establishes a unique position in the marketplace.
RationaleA geographical perspective has always been crucial to the understanding of the social and physical organisation of the world around us. The techniques of spatial analysis provide a powerful means for the assembly and interpretation of evidence, and thus to address critical questions about issues such as crime and deprivation, immigration and demographic restructuring, retailing activity and employment change, resource management and environmental improvement. Many of these issues are equally important to academic research as they are to policy makers and Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy aims to close the gap between these two perspectives by providing a forum for discussion of applied research in a range of different contexts
Topical and interdisciplinaryIncreasingly government organisations, administrative agencies and private businesses are requiring research to support their ‘evidence-based’ strategies or policies. Geographical location is critical in much of this work which extends across a wide range of disciplines including demography, actuarial sciences, statistics, public sector planning, business planning, economics, epidemiology, sociology, social policy, health research, environmental management.
FocusApplied Spatial Analysis and Policy will draw on applied research from diverse problem domains, such as transport, policing, education, health, environment and leisure, in different international contexts. The journal will therefore provide insights into the variations in phenomena that exist across space, it will provide evidence for comparative policy analysis between domains and between locations, and stimulate ideas about the translation of spatial analysis methods and techniques across varied policy contexts. It is essential to know how to measure, monitor and understand spatial distributions, many of which have implications for those with responsibility to plan and enhance the society and the environment in which we all exist.
Readership and Editorial BoardAs a journal focused on applications of methods of spatial analysis, Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy will be of interest to scholars and students in a wide range of academic fields, to practitioners in government and administrative agencies and to consultants in private sector organisations. The Editorial Board reflects the international and multidisciplinary nature of the journal.
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