Resilience-oriented soft open point deployment with topology-variable-based frequency stability constraints for distribution networks

The flexible multi-microgrid cluster offers a promising solution by integrating distributed resources to enhance the resilience of modern distribution networks. Soft open points are crucial for forming flexible multi-microgrid clusters, yet most existing soft open point deployment models neglect transient frequency stability in islanded operations under diverse post-fault scenarios, causing the suboptimal in the solution. To this end, this paper proposes a novel resilience-oriented soft open point deployment model for distribution networks, where the topology-variable-based frequency stability constraints based on the virtual flow method are incorporated. Compared to traditional formulation of frequency constraints that are topologically parameterized, the topology-variable-based frequency stability constraints can be embedded into optimization models containing topological variables, such as network planning or network reconfiguration. This ensures optimality of the deployment model. Case studies on a dual feeder distribution network highlight the importance of considering frequency stability in soft open point deployment and provide a robust framework for enhancing the resilience of modern distribution networks.